Antimicrobial activity and pH evaluation of Calcium Hydroxide associated with natural products / Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana e do pH do Hidróxido de Cálcio associado a produtos naturais

New intra-canal medications can be developed by the combination of natural products with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and pH values of Ca(OH)2 associated with propolis tincture 5% (S1); pomegranate tincture 5% (S2); essential oil from eucalyptus 0.5% (S3); inert solution (S4) and with CPMC - Camphorated Paramonochlorophenol (S5) on strains of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212); Aggregatibacter actinomycetecomitans b (ATCC29522), Eikenella corrodens (ATCC23834) and Candida albicans (ATCC40277). Sterile paper cones were immersed for 1 minute in the solutions under test. The agar diffusion test was carried out and the plates were incubated at 37 °C in bacteriological incubator for 48 h. The mean diameter of growth inhibition (MDGI) produced by the formulations were calculated in millimeters and statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. The tests were performed in triplicate. The pH of substances was measured at room temperature. For E. faecalis, A. actinomycetecomitans b; E. corrodens and C. albicans MDGI for each substance was, respectively: 1.6, 3.1, 4.6 and 2.3 mm (S1), 1.5, 3.1, 8.8 and 0.3 mm (S2), 1.5, 3.5, 5.5 and 0.5 mm (S3), 1.5, 5.3; 11.6 and 3.1 mm (S4) and 3.0, 8.5, 17.3 and 7.3 mm (S5). The inhibition zones produced by S5 were larger than the ones from S1, S2 and S3 (p<0,05). The pHvalues found were: 11.55 (S1); 11.52 (S2); 11.48 (S3); 11.54 (S4); and 11.65 (S5). Commercial formulations of Ca(OH)2 showed better antimicrobial performance than the associations with natural products. The pH of tested formulations did not change significantly.

Novas medicações intra-canal podem ser desenvolvidas a partir da combinação de produtos naturais com hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH)2). Objetivou-se avaliar o pH e a ação antimicrobiana do Ca(OH)2 associados a tintura de própolis 5% (S1); tintura de romã 5% (S2); óleo essencial de eucalipto 0,5% (S3); solução inerte (S4); e ao PMCC – Paramonoclorofenol Canforado (S5) sobre cepas de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212); Aggregatibacter actinomycetecomitans b (ATCC 29522); Eikenella corrodens (ATCC 23834) e Candida albicans (ATCC 40277). Cones de papel estéreis foram imersos durante 1min nas soluções testadas. Realizou-se o teste de difusão em agar e as placas foram incubadas a 37 ºC em estufa bacteriológica por 48 h. Os diâmetros médios de inibição do crescimento (DMIC) produzido pelas substâncias foram calculados em milímetros e analisados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA e de Tukey. Os testes foram realizados em triplicata. A aferição do pH se deu em temperatura ambiente. Para E. faecalis; A. actinomycetecomitans b; E. corrodens e C. albicans a DMIC para cada substância foi, respectivamente: 1,6; 3,1; 4,6 e 2,3mm (S1); 1,5; 3,1; 8,8 e0,3mm (S2); 1,5; 3,5; 5,5 e 0,5mm (S3); 1,5; 5,3; 11,6 e 3,1mm (S4) e 3,0; 8,5; 17,3 e 7,3mm (S5). Os halos de inibição produzidos por S5 foram maiores do que os de S1, S2 e S3 (p<0,05). Os valores de pH encontrados foram: 11,55 (S1); 11,52 (S2); 11,48 (S3); 11,54 (S4); 11,65 (S5). As formulações comerciais de Ca(OH)2 mostraram melhor desempenho antimicrobiano do que as associações com produtos naturais. O pH das soluções testadas não variou significativamente.

Comparison of the biocompatibility of different root canal irrigants

The purpose of this study was to compare the reaction of rat subcutaneous connective tissue to 0.9 percent sterile saline, 2.5 percent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5.25 percent NaOCl and 2 percent chlorhexidine gluconate solution or gel. Six circles were demarcated on the dorsal skin of 24 male Wistar rats, leaving 2 cm between each circle. Using a syringe, 0.1 mL of each root canal irrigant was injected subcutaneously into 5 circles. In the 6th circle, the needle of an empty syringe was introduced into the skin, but no irrigant was injected (control group). Evaluations were undertaken at 2 h, 48 h, 14 days and 30 days post-procedure. Tissue samples were excised, embedded in paraffin blocks and 3-µm-thick sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The areas of inflammatory reaction were evaluated and analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test. The control group showed few or no inflammatory reaction areas in the subcutaneous tissue. 0.9 percent saline solution, 2.0 percent chlorhexidine solution and 2.5 percent NaOCl showed a good biocompatibility, as very mild inflammatory reaction was detected at 14 days and tissue repair occurred at 30 days. 5.25 percent NaOCl was the most toxic irrigant, as the number of inflammatory cells remained elevated at 14 and 30 days. The group treated with 2.0 percent chlorhexidine gluconate gel presented a moderate inflammatory response at 14 days, which decreased at 30 days, being considered similar to that of the control group, 0.9 percent saline solution, 2.0 percent chlorhexidine solution and 2.5 percent NaOCl at this experimental period.

Influência da amamentação natural e artificial sobre a ocorrência de hábitos de succção não nutritivos / Breastfeeding and bottle feeding influence on non nutritive sucking habits

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência do tempo de aleitamento natural e artificial sobre a ocorrência de hábitos de sucção não nutritivos. Para tanto, foi aplicado um questionário aos pais de 155 crianças, com idades entre três e oito anos. Pesquisou-se o período em que foram amamentadas, bem como a presença ou não de hábitos de sucção e a duração dos mesmos. Concluiu-se que a amamentação natural por um período adequado pôde prevenir a instalação destes hábitos de sucção não nutritivos, sendo a chupeta o hábito mais freqüente.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding period on occurring of nonnutritive sucking habits. It was applied a questionnaire to 155 parents. The children were three to eight years age. It was investigate the breast and bottle feeding period as well the presence or not of nonnutritive sucking habits and its duration. It was conc1ude that the breast-feeding for an appropriate period could prevent the development of nonnutritive sucking habits, being the pacifier the most frequent habito.